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Background  Loiasis is a filarial disease caused  Loa loa . The main vectors are  Chrysops silacea  and C . dimidiata  which are confined to the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa. Loiasis is a mild disease, but individuals with high microfilaria loads may suffer from severe adverse events if treated with ivermectin during mass drug administration campaigns for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. This poses significant challenges for elimination programmes and alternative interventions are required in  L. loa  co-endemic areas. The control of  Chrysops  has not been considered as a viable cost-effective intervention; we reviewed the current knowledge of  Chrysops  vectors to assess the potential for control as well as identified areas for future research.    Results  We identified 89 primary published documents on the two main  L. loa  vectors  C. silacea  and  C dimidiata . These were collated into a database summarising the publication, field and laboratory procedures, species distributions, ecology, habitats and methods of vector control. The majority of articles were from the 1950–1960s. Field studies conducted in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Sudan highlighted that  C. silacea  is the most important and widespread vector. This species breeds in muddy streams or swampy areas of forests or plantations, descends from forest canopies to feed on humans during the day, is more readily adapted to human dwellings and attracted to wood fires. Main vector targeted measures proposed to impact on  L. loa  transmission included personal repellents, household screening, indoor residual spraying, community-based environmental management, adulticiding and larviciding.    Conclusions  This is the first comprehensive review of the major  L. loa  vectors for several decades. It highlights key vector transmission characteristics that may be targeted for vector control providing insights into the potential for integrated vector management, with multiple diseases being targeted simultaneously, with shared human and financial resources and multiple impact. Integrated vector management programmes for filarial infections, especially in low transmission areas of onchocerciasis, require innovative approaches and alternative strategies if the elimination targets established by the World Health Organization are to be achieved.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2103-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Loa loa vectors Chrysops spp.: perspectives on research, distribution, bionomics, and implications for elimination of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis