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Background    Babesia rossi , which is transmitted by  Haemaphysalis  spp. and is highly virulent to domestic dogs, occurs only in sub-Saharan Africa. Since dogs are not native to the region, it has been postulated that the natural host of  B. rossi  is an indigenous African canid. Although various attempts at artificial infection indicated that black-backed jackals ( Canis mesomelas ) could become subclinically infected with  B. rossi , data on occurrence of  B. rossi  in free-ranging jackals was lacking. A long-term behaviour study in which free-ranging black-backed jackals were radio-collared offered the opportunity of collecting blood specimens from a large number of free-ranging jackals.    Methods  Genomic DNA was extracted from the EDTA blood samples ( n  = 107). PCR products were subjected to Reverse Line Blot hybridization using  Theileria  and  Babesia  genera-specific as well as 28 species-specific oligonucleotide probes, including  Babesia canis ,  Babesia rossi ,  Babesia vogeli  and  Babesia gibsoni . The near full-length parasite 18S rRNA gene was amplified from two selected samples (free-ranging jackals), cloned and a total of six recombinants were sequenced.    Results  Of 91 free-ranging jackals, 77 (84.6%) reacted with the  Babesia  genus-specific probe; 27 (29.7%) also reacted with the  B. rossi  probe. Of 16 captive jackals, 6 (37.5%) reacted with the  B. rossi  probe, while one further sample reacted with the  Babesia  genus-specific probe only. After cloning, 6 recombinants yielded identical sequences identical to that of  B. rossi  (L19079) and differing by 2 base pairs from  B. rossi  (DQ111760) in GenBank. The observed sequence similarities were confirmed by phylogenetic analyses using neighbour joining and maximum parsimony.    Conclusions  Black-backed jackals are natural hosts of  B. rossi.

Black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) are natural hosts of Babesia rossi, the virulent causative agent of canine babesiosis in sub-Saharan Africa