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Background    Anopheles anthropophagus  is one of the major vectors of malaria in Asia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in cell development and differentiation as well as in the cellular response to stress and infection. In a former study, we have investigated the global miRNA profiles in relation to sex in  An. anthropophagus.  However, the miRNAs contributing to the blood-feeding and infection with  Plasmodium  are still unknown.    Methods  High-throughput sequencing was performed to identify miRNA profiles of  An. anthropophagus  midguts after blood-feeding and  Plasmodium  infection. The expression patterns of miRNA in different midgut libraries were compared based on transcripts per million reads (TPM), and further confirmed by Northern blots. Target prediction and pathway analysis were carried out to investigate the role of regulated miRNAs in blood-feeding and  Plasmodium  infection.    Results  We identified 67 known and 21 novel miRNAs in all three libraries (sugar-feeding, blood-feeding and  Plasmodium  infection) in  An. anthropophagus  midguts. Comparing with the sugar-feeding, the experssion of nine (6 known and 3 novel) and ten (9 known and 1 novel) miRNAs were significantly upregulated and downregulated respectively after blood-feeding ( P  < 0.05, fold change ≥ 2 and TPM ≥ 10).  Plasmodium  infection induced the expression of thirteen (9 known and 4 novel) and eleven (9 known and 2 novel) miRNAs significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, compared with blood-feeding. The representative upregulated miR-92a in blood-feeding and downregulated miR-275 in  Plasmodium  infection were further confirmed by Northern Blot. Putative targets of these regulated miRNAs were further investigated and classified into their pathways.    Conclusions  This study suggests that miRNAs are involved in the blood-feeding and  Plasmodium  infection in  An. anthropophagus  midgut. Further studies of the function of these differential expressed miRNAs will facilitate in better understanding of mosquito biology and anti-parasite immunity.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2027-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparative expression profile of microRNAs in Anopheles anthropophagus midgut after blood-feeding and Plasmodium infection