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Background    Cryptosporidium  spp . ,  Giardia duodenalis  and  Enterocytozoon bieneusi  are the main causal pathogens of gastrointestinal disease. However, there are limited reports about the prevalence of these organisms in captive Eurasian wild boars worldwide. Therefore, we examined the occurrence and identified the species/assemblages/genotypes of these pathogens in captive Eurasian wild boars, and estimated the zoonotic potential.    Findings  Of 357 fecal samples collected from captive Eurasian wild boars in China, 155 (43.4%) were infected with  Cryptosporidium ,  G. duodenalis  and/or  E. bieneusi . The infection rates significantly differed in different areas, but did not differ between wild boars kept indoors and outdoors. Three (0.8%), 11 (3.1%) and 147 (41.2%) fecal samples were positive for  Cryptosporidium ,  G. duodenalis  and  E. bieneusi , respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene revealed that all of the  Cryptosporidium  strains belonged to  C. scrofarum . Based on the sequence analysis of the β-giardia gene of  G. duodenalis , assemblages E and A were characterized. Fourteen  E. bieneusi  genotypes comprising five novel (WildBoar 7–11) and eight known (EbpC, F, CHG19, CHC5, PigEBITS5, D, RWSH4, SC02) genotypes were identified by ITS sequencing. EbpC was the most frequent genotype, detected in 85 specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 14 genotypes belonged to Group 1.    Conclusions  This first report on the occurrence of  Cryptosporidium ,  G. duodenalis  and  E. bieneusi  in captive wild boars in China indicates that the presence of zoonotic species/assemblages/genotypes poses a threat to public health. The findings suggest that wild boars could be a significant source of human infection and water pollution.

parasites and vectors

Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission