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Background  As part of a study to determine the impact of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in the north of Cameroon, the unexpectedly high density and anthropophilic behaviour of  Anopheles rufipes  lead us to investigate this species bionomics and role in human malaria parasite transmission.    Methods  For four consecutive years (2011–2014), annual cross-sectional sampling of adult mosquitoes was conducted during the peak malaria season (September-October) in three health districts in northern Cameroon. Mosquitoes sampled by human landing catch and pyrethrum spray catch methods were morphologically identified, their ovaries dissected for parity determination and  Anopheles gambiae  siblings were identified by molecular assay. Infection with  P. falciparum  and blood meal source in residual fauna of indoor resting anopheline mosquitoes were determined by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays.    Results    Anopheles gambiae  ( sensu lato ) ( s.l. ) comprised 18.4% of mosquitoes collected with  An. arabiensis  representing 66.27% of the sibling species. The proportion of  An. rufipes  (2.7%) collected was high with a human-biting rate ranging between 0.441 and 11.083 bites/person/night (b/p/n) and an anthropophagic rate of 15.36%. Although overall the members of  An. gambiae  complex were responsible for most of the transmission with entomological inoculation rates (EIR) reaching 1.221 infective bites/person/night (ib/p/n),  An. arabiensis  and  An. coluzzii  were the most implicated. The roles of  An. funestus ,  An. pharoensis  and  An. paludis  were minor.  Plasmodium falciparum  circumsporozoite protein rate in  Anopheles rufipes  varied from 0.6 to 5.7% with EIR values between 0.010 and 0.481 ib/p/n.    Conclusions  The study highlights the epidemiological role of  An. rufipes  alongside the members of the  An. gambiae  complex, and several other sympatric species in human malaria transmission during the wet season in northern Cameroon. For the first time in Cameroon,  An. rufipes  has been shown to be an important local malaria vector, emphasising the need to review the malaria entomological profile across the country as pre-requisite to effective vector management strategies.

parasites and vectors

Role of Anopheles (Cellia) rufipes (Gough, 1910) and other local anophelines in human malaria transmission in the northern savannah of Cameroon: a cross-sectional survey