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Background  Over the last two decades, a significant spread of dirofilariasis has been observed in eastern and central Europe. However, data on the circulation of  Dirofilaria  spp. in Moldova were absent although direct neighbor states reported high incidence rates of human dirofilariasis.    Methods  Daily mean temperature data were used to calculate  Dirofilaria  spp. development units, which were used to estimate the potential for complete extrinsic development in the mosquitoes (= sum of potential  Dirofilaria  spp. transmission days). In addition, 4,481 adult female mosquitoes were collected from 25 trapping sites. From 2010 to 2015, sampling was conducted with Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps, indoor resting mosquito collections as well as human landing catches in urban, rural and natural areas. Mosquitoes were analyzed for the presence of  D. repens  and  D. immitis  DNA using a duplex real-time PCR assay targeting nucleotide differences within the cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit 1 ( D. repens ) and 16S rRNA gene fragment ( D. immitis ).    Results  The average of the yearly sum of potential  Dirofilaria  spp. transmission days between 2010 and 2015 ranged from 90 to 140 days with an increasing gradient from the North to the South of Moldova. Positive mosquito pools for  D. repens  were found countrywide at 13 of the 25 trapping sites and in 17 of the 22 screened mosquito taxa (26.51% of all 347 tested pools), while  D. immitis  was detected only at 4 of the trapping sites (Center and South) in 4 different mosquito species (8.65% of all 347 tested pools). Highest infection rates (EIR) per 100 specimens for both  Dirofilaria  species were found in  An. maculipennis  ( s.l .) ( D. repens : EIR = 4.91;  D. immitis : EIR = 2.01), whereas the most frequent mosquito taxon  Cx. pipiens  ( s.l .)/ torrentium  had significantly lower infections rates ( D. repens : EIR = 0.88;  D. immitis : EIR = 0.47).    Conclusions  The temperature conditions in Moldova are suitable for transmission of  Dirofilaria  spp. within the entire country, which is supported by a wide distribution of  Dirofilaria  spp.-positive mosquitoes with high infection rates. The low number of reported human cases most likely does not reflect the current epidemiological situation of dirofilariasis in Moldova.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1916-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova