English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  With the premise of diminishing parasite genetic diversity following the reduction of malaria incidence, the analysis of polymorphic antigenic markers may provide important information about the impact of malaria control on local parasite populations. Here we evaluated the genetic diversity of  Plasmodium vivax  apical membrane antigen 1 ( Pvama1 ) gene in a parasite population from the China-Myanmar border and compared it with global  P. vivax  populations.    Methods  We performed evolutionary analysis to examine the genetic diversity, natural selection, and population differentiation of 73  Pvama1  sequences acquired from the China-Myanmar border as well as 615 publically available  Pvama1  sequences from seven global  P. vivax  populations.    Results  A total of 308  Pvama1  haplotypes were identified among the global  P. vivax  isolates. The overall nucleotide diversity of  Pvama1  gene among the 73 China-Myanmar border parasite isolates was 0.008 with 41 haplotypes being identified ( Hd  = 0.958). Domain I (DI) harbored the majority (26/33) of the polymorphic sites. The McDonald Kreitman test showed a significant positive selection across the ectodomain and the DI of  Pvama1 . The fixation index ( F    ST  ) estimation between the China-Myanmar border, Thailand (0.01) and Myanmar (0.10) showed only slight geographical genetic differentiation. Notably, the Sal-I haplotype was not detected in any of the analyzed global isolates, whereas the Belem strain was restricted to the Thai population. The detected mutations are mapped outside the overlapped region of the predicted B-cell epitopes and intrinsically unstructured/disordered regions.    Conclusions  This study revealed high levels of genetic diversity of  Pvama1  in the  P. vivax  parasite population from the China-Myanmar border with DI displaying stronger diversifying selection than other domains. There were low levels of population subdivision among parasite populations from the Greater Mekong Subregion.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1899-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Analysis of Pvama1 genes from China-Myanmar border reveals little regional genetic differentiation of Plasmodium vivax populations