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Background    Trypanosoma cruzi , the agent of Chagas disease in humans, has a vast reservoir of mammalian hosts in the Americas, and is classified into six genetic lineages, TcI-TcVI, with a possible seventh, TcBat. Elucidating enzootic cycles of the different lineages is important for understanding the ecology of this parasite, the emergence of new outbreaks of Chagas disease and for guiding control strategies. Direct lineage identification by genotyping is hampered by limitations of parasite isolation and culture. An indirect method is to identify lineage-specific serological reactions in infected individuals; here we describe its application with sylvatic Brazilian primates.    Methods  Synthetic peptides representing lineage-specific epitopes of the  T. cruzi  surface protein TSSA were used in ELISA with sera from Atlantic Forest  Leontopithecus chrysomelas  (golden-headed lion tamarin),  L. rosalia  (golden lion tamarin), Amazonian  Sapajus libidinosus  (black-striped capuchin) and  Alouatta belzebul  (red-handed howler monkey).    Results  The epitope common to lineages TcII, TcV and TcVI was recognised by sera from 15 of 26  L. chrysomelas  and 8 of 13  L. rosalia . For 12 of these serologically identified TcII infections, the identity of the lineage infection was confirmed by genotyping  T. cruzi  isolates. Of the TcII/TcV/TcVI positive sera 12 of the 15  L. chrysomelas  and 2 of the 8  L. rosalia  also reacted with the specific epitope restricted to TcV and TcVI. Sera from one of six  S. libidinous  recognised the TcIV/TcIII epitopes.    Conclusions  This lineage-specific serological surveillance has verified that Atlantic Forest primates are reservoir hosts of at least TcII, and probably TcV and TcVI, commonly associated with severe Chagas disease in the southern cone region of South America. With appropriate reagents, this novel methodology is readily applicable to a wide range of mammal species and reservoir host discovery.

parasites and vectors

Lineage-specific serology confirms Brazilian Atlantic forest lion tamarins, Leontopithecus chrysomelas and Leontopithecus rosalia, as reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II (TcII)