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Background  In mosquitoes, it has previously been shown that rearing conditions of immature stages have an effect on the vector competence of adults. Here, we studied the impact of different larval rearing temperatures (27 °C  versus  32 °C) on the sand fly  Phlebotomus sergenti  Parrot, 1917 and its susceptibility to two parasites:  Leishmania tropica  Wright, 1903, a dixenous trypanosomatid transmissible from sand flies to humans, and  Psychodiella sergenti  Lantova, Volf & Votypka, 2010, a monoxenous sand fly gregarine.    Results  Increased rearing temperature (32 °C) affected the larval developmental times and size of  P. sergenti  adults but had no effect on the susceptibility of  P. sergenti  to  L. tropica . No differences were found in  Leishmania  infection rates or in the intensities of  Leishmania  infection. Interestingly, increased larval rearing temperature significantly suppressed the development of gregarines. All 117 control sand flies tested were infected with  Ps. sergenti , and the mean number of gamonts per individual was 29.5. In contrast, only three of 120 sand flies maintained at 32 °C were infected and the mean number of gamonts per individual was just 0.04.    Conclusions  We demonstrated that the increased rearing temperature of  P. sergenti  larvae had no impact on the development of  L. tropica  in adult sand flies but had a profound effect on the gregarine  Ps. sergenti . We suggest that increasing the larval rearing temperature by 5 °C is a simple and effective way to clean sand fly colonies infected by gregarines.

parasites and vectors

An increase of larval rearing temperature does not affect the susceptibility of Phlebotomus sergenti to Leishmania tropica but effectively eliminates the gregarine Psychodiella sergenti