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Background   Anopheles  mosquitoes transmit malaria which is one of the world’s most threatening diseases.  Anopheles dirus  ( sensu stricto ) is among the main vectors of malaria in South East Asia. The mosquito innate immune response is the first line of defence against malaria parasites during its development. The immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, a conserved immune signaling pathway, influences anti- Plasmodium falciparum  activity in  Anopheles gambiae ,  An. stephensi  and  An. albimanus . The aim of the study was to determine the role of  Rel2 , an IMD pathway-controlled NF-kappaβ transcription factor, in  An. dirus.Methods  RACE (Rapid amplification of cDNA ends) was performed on the  Rel2  gene. Double-stranded  Rel2  was constructed and injected into the thorax of female mosquitoes. The injected mosquitoes were fed on a  P. falciparum  gametocyte culture and dissected on day 7–9 post-feeding in order to count the oocysts. A survival analysis was conducted by exposing the dsRNA injected mosquitoes to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.    Results  This study demonstrated that the  Rel2  gene in  An. dirus  has two isoforms, short length and full length. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of  Rel2  showed that the latter is involved in protection against  P. falciparum , Gram-positive bacteria ( Micrococcus luteus ) with Lys-type peptidoglycan and Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli ) with DAP-type peptidoglycan.    Conclusion  This study suggested that there are similarities in the splicing events and functionality of the  Rel2  gene, between the  Anopheles  species. Among all the important anophelines, the immunity of only a few has been thoroughly investigated. In order to develop novel vector-based control strategies and restrict malaria transmission, the immune pathways of these important vectors should be thoroughly investigated.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1810-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Role of NF-kβ factor Rel2 during Plasmodium falciparum and bacterial infection in Anopheles dirus