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Background  Nematodes belonging to the genus  Steinernema  are insect parasites and are used as effective biological agents against soil-dwelling insect pests. Although the full nuclear genomes of multiple  Steinernema  species have become available recently, mitochondrial genome information for the genus is limited. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of four species of  Steinernema  and analysed their structure, codon usage and phylogenetic relationships.    Results  Mitochondrial genomes of  Steinernema carpocapsae ,  S. glaseri ,  S. kushidai  and  S. litorale  comprised 13,924, 13,851, 15,182 and 21,403 bp, respectively, with highly AT-rich nucleotide contents (AT ratio of 71.05–76.76 %). All the expected genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (encoding ATP6, CYTB, COX1-3, ND1-6 and ND4L), two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes were identified in the four genomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of the 12 protein-coding genes identified the  Steinernema  species as monophyletic, representing a sister clade of Rhabditina and Ascaridida. In addition, they were more closely positioned to other Clade 10 nematodes, including  Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ,  Aphelenchoides besseyi  and  Panagrellus redivivus , than to  Strongyloides  species. Gene arrangements and codon usage analyses supported this relationship. Mitochondrial genome comparison of two distinct strains of  S. carpocapsae  detected high intra-specific diversity.    Conclusions  The mitochondrial genomes of four species of  Steinernema  determined in this study revealed inter- and intra-species divergences/diversities of mitochondrial genomes in this genus. This information provides useful insights into the phylogenetic position of the genus  Steinernema  within the Nematoda and represents a useful resource for selecting molecular markers for diagnosis and population studies. These data will increase our understanding of the interesting biology of insect parasites.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1730-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Complete mitochondrial genomes of four entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus Steinernema