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Background  The genus  Spelaeomyia  includes four African species considered as being cavernicolous:  Spelaeomyia darlingi ,  Spelaeomyia mirabilis ,  Spelaeomyia emilii  and  Spelaeomyia moucheti . Despite a potential role in  Leishmania major  leishmaniasis transmission in Mali, no molecular studies and only few morphological studies have addressed relationships between species of  Spelaeomyia .    Methods  Specimens of  Sa. moucheti  were collected in two different sites in Gabon.  Spelaeomyia emilii  and  Sa. darlingi  specimens came from Gabon and Mali. Specimens of  Sa. mirabilis  were collected in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon. All specimens were caught using CDC miniature light traps, then dissected, both heads and genitalia were kept for morphological analysis and the rest of the bodies were kept for molecular processing and analyses.    Results  Some unidentified males are associated to  Sa. moucheti  females using molecular tools and are described for the first time. A new morphological feature is observed on the spermathecae of the female and new drawings are provided. For the first time a phylogenetic analysis is carried out on rDNA and mtDNA markers and it shows that  Sa. moucheti  is the sister species of  Sa. mirabilis .    Conclusions   Spelaeomyia moucheti  is the sister species of  Sa. mirabilis . This result is in agreement with the sharing of morphological characters between these closely related species. Moreover, these two species are not as cavernicolous as literature previously indicated. They were caught in open rainforest in Gabon.

A molecular study of the genus Spelaeomyia (Diptera: Phlebotominae) with description of the male of Spelaeomyia moucheti