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Background  Our investigation uses nucleotide variations of the genera  Phlebotomus  and  Sergentomyia  using the  EF-1α  and  Cyt b  genotype regions to describe the sand fly fauna and genetic aspects collected at war-torn sites of the Khuzestan boundary between Iraq and Iran.    Methods  All sand fly species were characterized using molecular genetics. The field work was conducted in six districts including 24 locations in remote areas for three years at the peak of sand fly activity during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) transmission seasons. The distribution of CL vectors was determined based on the climatic regionalization using the kriging method in ArcGIS model. DNA of sand fly pools were screened via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using neutrality (Tajima’s  D ) and neutral allele frequency (Fu’s  F  s ) tests to measure the effect of randomly evolving DNA sequence on the genetic diversity of sand fly populations in response to habitat fragmentation and landscape modification.    Results  Among the 1213 specimens, ten species were identified based on morphology. The non-native species  Phlebotomus sergenti  was unequivocally found for the first time in the studied regions. Nucleotide substitutions of sand fly sequences varied most in the most disrupted districts (Dashte-Azadegan and Abadan; disparity index test:  P  < 0.05). The haplotypes of  Cyt b  from the subgenus  Sergentomyia  and  P. papatasi  revealed more heterogeneity (Tajima’s  D  > +2) than  P. alexandri  ( D  > +1), which suggests widespread heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in the same mtDNA gene among different sand fly species. Subgenus   Sintonius  exhibited greater fitness ( D  = 0) and (neutrality test;  P  > 0.05) no evidence of selection. The sequence of the nuclear gene  EF-1α  indicated similar nucleotide differences, as observed for the  Cyt b  gene, in all sand fly species, but lower levels of polymorphisms ( D  > +1) were observed compared with the mitochondrial  Cyt b  gene ( D  > +2) in the subgenus   Sergentomyia .    Conclusion  Our findings describe random nucleotide diversity in the  Phlebotomus  and  Sergentomyia  population gene pools due to recent anthropogenic influence. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the closely related species are positioned in monophyletic clades, except for the subgenus  Sergentomyia  and  P. sergenti , and highlights the importance of haplotype variations for the development of adaptability.

parasites and vectors

Genetic dynamics in the sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) nuclear and mitochondrial genotypes: evidence for vector adaptation at the border of Iran with Iraq