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Background  Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis (ZVL) is a vector-borne disease affecting humans and other mammals and caused by the protozoan parasite  Leishmania  ( Leishmania )  infantum  (syn.  L. chagasi ), belonging to the  L. donovani  complex. The regions in Northern Argentina (above 32 °S) are its southern distribution limit in South America.    Results  We detected  Leishmania  sp. DNA (most likely belonging to the  L. donovani  complex) in 37.5 % of 32 grey foxes ( Pseudalopex griseus ) captured in Argentinean Patagonia (48°S and 50°S). Eleven monosexual pools of  Amblyomma tigrinum  ticks from eight different foxes (six grey foxes and two culpeo foxes  P. culpaeus ) were also positive. The southernmost known distribution limit for  L. infantum,  and the southernmost reported capture of a phlebotominae, had previously been 2000 and 750 km north of our study area, respectively.    Conclusions  This finding is significant because it markedly extends the distribution area of leishmaniasis; supports the existence of a sylvatic cycle in the absence of dogs; and has implications in transmission, indicating that either sand fly distribution is broader than currently thought or non-sand fly  Leishmania  maintenance is possible. Additional molecular, parasitological, epidemiological and entomological studies are still needed.

Detection of Leishmania DNA in wild foxes and associated ticks in Patagonia, Argentina, 2000 km south of its known distribution area