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Background   Schistosoma mansoni  is hosted by several species of  Biomphalaria  spp. snails in Africa. We were interested in determining if there were differences in compatibility of  S. mansoni  with  Biomphalaria sudanica  from Lake Victoria, or with  B. pfeifferi  from streams and smaller water bodies in Kenya. Does this parasite develop with equal efficiency in both snail species, and does this have implications for transmission in different habitat types?    Methods  Primers for PCR amplification of the  S. mansoni ND5  gene were designed and tested for sensitivity and specificity. We exposed laboratory-reared  B. sudanica  and field-derived  B. pfeifferi  to single miracidium infections and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 days post-exposure (dpe), snails were extracted for the PCR assay. Snails were also shed for cercariae and/or dissected prior to extraction. Additionally,  B. sudanica  and  B. pfeifferi  were collected from field locations and tested with the PCR assay.    Results  The  ND5  PCR assay was sensitive (>0.1 fg  S. mansoni  genomic DNA) and allowed  S. mansoni  to be differentiated from other relevant schistosome species or snails. The number of PCR positive snails at 1–4 dpe was higher for  B. pfeifferi  than for  B. sudanica , but not significantly so ( P  = 0.052). From 8–24 dpe, more  B. pfeifferi  harbored successfully developing parasites (positive by both dissection and PCR) than did  B. sudanica  ( P  = 0.008). At 40 dpe, more  B. pfeifferi  than  B. sudanica  shed cercariae or harbored dissection positive/PCR positive infections ( P  < 0.001). Both immature and failed (dissection negative but PCR positive)  S. mansoni  infections could also be detected in naturally infected snails of both species.    Conclusions  The PCR assay detected  S. mansoni  infections in snails exposed to one miracidium for one day. Both  B. sudanica  and  B. pfeifferi  supported full development of  S. mansoni , but  B. pfeifferi  was more compatible, with significantly more dissection positive/PCR positive or shedding infections, and significantly fewer failed infections (dissection negative/PCR positive). This highlights the relatively lower compatibility of  B. sudanica  with  S. mansoni , and suggests the factors responsible for incompatibility and how they might affect transmission of  S. mansoni  in habitats like Lake Victoria deserve additional study.

parasites and vectors

Relative compatibility of Schistosoma mansoni with Biomphalaria sudanica and B. pfeifferi from Kenya as assessed by PCR amplification of the S. mansoni ND5 gene in conjunction with traditional methods