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Background  A species of  Simulium  in the  Simulium melanopus  species-group of the subgenus  Simulium  (formerly misidentified as  S. laterale  Edwards from Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia) is suspected to have dimorphic male scutal color patterns linked with different numbers of upper-eye facets. This study aimed to confirm whether or not these two forms of adult males represent a single species.    Methods  DNA sequences generated from four genetic loci, the mitochondrial-encoded COI, COII, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, of both forms of  Simulium  sp. males were compared with each other and also with those of the females and larvae of the same species. Four other related  Simulium  spp. were also used for comparison.    Results  Both the concatenated dataset and single-locus phylogenetic analyses indicate that the two distinct morphological males of  Simulium  sp. are indeed conspecific, and represent, together with their associated females and larvae, a distinct species.    Conclusions  Based on DNA analyses,  Simulium  sp. is proven to show dimorphism in males and is herein described as a new species,  Simulium mirum  Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Low. This is the first report of such a novel species among the family Simuliidae.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1393-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Dimorphic male scutal patterns and upper-eye facets of Simulium mirum n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Malaysia