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Background  Microsporidiosis is a common disease in animals and humans around the world.  Enterocytozoon bieneusi  is the most common microsporidian species in humans. Many animal species may be a potential source of human microsporidiosis. However, information concerning prevalence and genotypes of  E. bieneusi  infection in farmed foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) is scarce. Therefore, the present study examined prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of  E. bieneusi  in farmed foxes in northern China using a genetic approach.    Results  Of 302 fecal samples from farmed foxes, 37 (12.25 %, 95 % CI 8.55–15.95) were PCR-positive for  E. bieneusi , and the prevalence was highly associated with the farming mode in that foxes raised outdoors (26.03 % positive, 95 % CI 18.91–33.15) had a significantly higher  E. bieneusi  prevalence than those raised indoors. Eleven internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes were identified among the positive samples: four known  E. bieneusi  genotypes (Peru 8, Types IV, CHN-DC1 and D) and seven novel genotypes (NCF1-NCF7). Genotype NCF2 was the commonest ( n  = 13) and was found in five farms across three provinces (Jilin, Heilongjiang and Hebei). All genotypes belonged to phylogenetic group 1. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses revealed additional diversity.    Conclusions  These findings indicate the presence of zoonotic  E. bieneusi  infection in farmed foxes in northern China. This is also the first report of genotypes Peru8, CHN-DC1 and Type IV, and seven novel genotypes (NCF1-NCF7) in farmed foxes by ITS combining with microsatellite and minisatellite markers for the first time. The results will provide baseline data for preventing and controlling  E. bieneusi  infection in farmed foxes, other animals and humans.

Prevalence, risk factors and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed foxes (Vulpes lagopus), Northern China