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Background  The Thai-Myanmar border is a remaining hotspot for malaria transmission. Malaria transmission in this region continues year-round, with a major peak season in July-August, and a minor peak in October-November. Malaria elimination requires better knowledge of the mosquito community structure, dynamics and vectorial status to support effective vector control.    Methods  Adult  Anopheles  mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps and cow bait in 7 villages along the Thai-Myanmar border in January 2011 - March 2013. Mosquitoes were determined to species by morphological characters.  Plasmodium -positivity was determined by circumsporozoite protein ELISA.    Results  The 2986  Anopheles  mosquitoes collected were assigned to 26 species, with  Anopheles minimus  sensu lato (s.l.) (40.32 %),  An. maculatus  s.l. (21.43 %),  An. annularis  s.l. (14.43 %),  An. kochi  (5.39 %),  An. tessellatus  (5.26 %), and  An. barbirostris  s.l. (3.52 %) being the top six most abundant species.  Plasmodium -infected mosquitoes were found in 22 positive samples from 2906 pooled samples of abdomens and heads/thoraxes. Four mosquito species were found infected with  Plasmodium :  An. minimus  s.l.,  An. maculatus  s.l.,  An. annularis  s.l. and  An. barbirostris  s.l. The infectivity rates of these mosquitoes were 0.76, 0.37, 0.72, and 1.74 %, respectively. Consistent with a change in malaria epidemiology to the predominance of  P. vivax  in this area, 20 of the 22 infected mosquito samples were  P. vivax -positive. The four potential vector species all displayed apparent seasonality in relative abundance. While  An. minimus  s.l. was collected through the entire year, its abundance peaked in the season immediately after the wet season. In comparison,  An. maculatus  s.l .  numbers showed a major peak during the wet season. The two potential vector species,  An. annularis  s.l. and  An. barbirostris  s.l., both showed peak abundance during the transition from wet to dry season. Moreover,  An. minimus  s.l. was more abundant in indoor collections, whereas  An. annularis  s.l. and  An. barbirostris  s.l. were more abundant in outdoor collections, suggesting their potential role in outdoor malaria transmission.    Conclusions  This survey confirmed the major vector status of  An. minimus  s.l. and  An. maculatus  s.l. and identified  An. annularis  s.l. and  An. barbirostris  s.l. as additional vectors with potential importance in malaria transmission after the wet season.

Natural human Plasmodium infections in major Anopheles mosquitoes in western Thailand