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Background  Understanding aggregation of ticks on hosts and attachment of life stages to different host species, are central components for understanding tick-borne disease epidemiology. The generalist tick,  Ixodes ricinus,  is a well-known vector of Lyme borrelioses, while the specialist tick,  Ixodes trianguliceps , feeding only on small mammals, may play a role in maintaining infection levels in hosts. In a northern forest in Norway, we aimed to quantify the role of different small mammal species in feeding ticks, to determine the extent to which body mass, even among small mammals, plays a role for tick load, and to determine the seasonal pattern of the two tick species.    Methods  Small mammals were captured along transects in two nearby areas along the west coast of Norway. All life stages of ticks were counted. Tick load, including both prevalence and intensity, was analysed with negative binomial models.    Results  A total of 359 rodents and shrews were captured with a total of 1106  I. ricinus  (60.0 %) and 737  I. trianguliceps  (40.4 %), consisting of 98.2 % larvae and 1.8 % nymphs of  I. ricinus  and 91.2 % larvae, 8.7 % nymphs and 0.1 % adult females of  I. trianguliceps . Due to high abundance,  Sorex araneus  fed most of the larvae of both tick species ( I. ricinus  61.9 %,  I. trianguliceps  64.9 %) with  Apodemus sylvaticus  ( I. ricinus  20.4 %,  I. trianguliceps  10.0 %) and  Myodes glareolus  ( I. ricinus  10.9 %,  I. trianguliceps  9.5 %) as the next most important hosts. Individual  A. sylvaticus  and  M. glareolus  had higher infestation intensity than  S. araneus , while  Sorex minutus  had markedly lower infestation intensity. The load of  I. ricinus  larvae and nymphs was related to body mass mainly up to ~10 g, while the load of  I. trianguliceps  was less dependent of body mass. The load of  I. trianguliceps  was higher in spring than in fall, while the seasonal pattern was reversed for  I. ricinus  with higher loads in fall.    Conclusions  Body mass was important for explaining load of  I. ricinus  mainly up to a body mass of ~10 g across a range of smaller mammalian hosts. Consistent with earlier work elsewhere in Europe, we found the highest tick infestation intensity on the wood mouse  A. sylvaticus . However, this rodent species fed only 20.4 % of all  I. ricinus  larvae, while the much more abundant  S. araneus  fed 61.9 %. Our study emphasizes an important quantitative role of the common shrew  S. araneus  as a main host to  I. ricinus  larvae and to both  I. trianguliceps  larvae and nymphs. The partly seasonal distinct attachment pattern of  I. ricinus  and  I. trianguliceps  is evidence for niche separation.

parasites and vectors

The generalist tick Ixodes ricinus and the specialist tick Ixodes trianguliceps on shrews and rodents in a northern forest ecosystem– a role of body size even among small hosts