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Background  Increasing numbers of genetic variants are being recognized among piroplasms, but the precise taxonomical status, the tick vector and the geographical range of several species or genotypes are still unknown. Bovine piroplasmosis was reported to re-emerge in north-east Hungary. Because  Theileria -infection was newly diagnosed in one cattle herd in the same region of the country, the aim of this study was to molecularly identify the relevant agent, to find its local vector tick species, and to examine the range of  Babesia / Theileria  spp. of ruminants in  Haemaphysalis  sp. ticks collected previously in Hungary.    Findings  Blood samples were drawn on two occasions from 90 dairy cattle in northern Hungary, and ticks were collected on their pastures. In addition, questing ticks (315  Haemaphysalis inermis , 259  H. concinna  and 22  H. punctata ), which originated mainly in the same region of the country from 2007, were included in the study. DNA was extracted from these samples, followed by molecular analysis for piroplasms.  In the cattle  Theileria orientalis  was identified, with 100 % sequence homology to isolates from Japan, China, South-Africa and Australia. Based on GenBank data this genotype has not been previously reported in Europe. The prevalence of infection in the herd remained almost constant in the main tick season, suggesting exposure in previous years.  Retrospective analysis of ticks revealed the presence of  Babesia crassa  in  H. inermis , for the first time in Europe and in this tick species. On the other hand,  H. concinna  carried five different piroplasms, including  B. motasi  that was also newly detected in Central-Eastern Europe and in this tick species; whereas  H. punctata  harboured  Theileria  sp. OT3, hitherto known to occur in the Mediterranean region.    Conclusions  Results of this study broaden the range of piroplasms that are infective for ruminants in Central-Eastern Europe. Although bovine babesiosis and theileriosis was known to occur in Hungary, molecular evidence is provided here for the first time on the presence of  Babesia  and/or  Theileria  spp. of sheep, goats and cervids in Hungary.

Diversity of Haemaphysalis-associated piroplasms of ruminants in Central-Eastern Europe, Hungary