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Background  Introduced  Wolbachia  bacteria can influence the susceptibility of  Aedes aegypti  mosquitoes to arboviral infections as well as having detrimental effects on host fitness. Previous field trials demonstrated that the  w Mel strain of  Wolbachia  effectively and durably invades  Ae. aegypti  populations. Here we report on trials of a second strain,  w MelPop-PGYP  Wolbachia,  in field sites in northern Australia (Machans Beach and Babinda) and central Vietnam (Tri Nguyen, Hon Mieu Island), each with contrasting natural  Ae. aegypti  densities.    Methods  Mosquitoes were released at the adult or pupal stages for different lengths of time at the sites depending on changes in  Wolbachia  frequency as assessed through PCR assays of material collected through Biogents-Sentinel (BG-S) traps and ovitraps. Adult numbers were also monitored through BG-S traps. Changes in  Wolbachia  frequency were compared across hamlets or house blocks.    Results  Releases of adult  w MelPop -Ae. aegypti  resulted in the transient invasion of  w MelPop in all three field sites. Invasion at the Australian sites was heterogeneous, reflecting a slower rate of invasion in locations where background mosquito numbers were high. In contrast, invasion across Tri Nguyen was relatively uniform. After cessation of releases, the frequency of  w MelPop declined in all sites, most rapidly in Babinda and Tri Nguyen. Within Machans Beach the rate of decrease varied among areas, and  w MelPop was detected for several months in an area with a relatively low mosquito density.    Conclusions  These findings highlight challenges associated with releasing  Wolbachia - Ae. aegypti  combinations with low fitness, albeit strong virus interference properties, as a means of sustainable control of dengue virus transmission.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1174-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Field evaluation of the establishment potential of wmelpop Wolbachia in Australia and Vietnam for dengue control