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Background  Chagas disease (caused by  Trypanosoma cruzi)  is the most important neglected tropical disease (NTD) in Latin America, infecting an estimated 5.7 million people in the 21 countries where it is endemic. It is one of the NTDs targeted for control and elimination by the 2020 London Declaration goals, with the first goal being to interrupt intra-domiciliary vector-borne  T. cruzi  transmission. A key question in domestic  T. cruzi  transmission is the role that synanthropic animals play in  T. cruzi  transmission to humans. Here, we ask, (1) do synanthropic animals need to be targeted in Chagas disease prevention policies?, and (2) how does the presence of animals affect the efficacy of vector control?    Methods  We developed a simple mathematical model to simulate domestic vector-borne  T.  cruzi  transmission and to specifically examine the interaction between the presence of synanthropic animals and effects of vector control. We used the model to explore how the interactions between triatomine bugs, humans and animals impact the number and proportion of  T. cruzi- infected bugs and humans. We then examined how  T. cruzi  dynamics change when control measures targeting vector abundance are introduced into the system.    Results  We found that the presence of synanthropic animals slows the speed of  T. cruzi  transmission to humans, and increases the sensitivity of  T. cruzi  transmission dynamics to vector control measures at comparable triatomine carrying capacities. However,  T. cruzi  transmission is amplified when triatomine carrying capacity increases with the abundance of syntathoropic hosts.    Conclusions  Our results suggest that in domestic  T. cruzi  transmission scenarios where no vector control measures are in place, a reduction in synanthropic animals may slow  T. cruzi  transmission to humans, but it would not completely eliminate transmission. To reach the 2020 goal of interrupting intra-domiciliary  T. cruzi  transmission, it is critical to target vector populations. Additionally, where vector control measures are in place, synanthropic animals may be beneficial.

Broad patterns in domestic vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics: synanthropic animals and vector control