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Background  Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal disease affecting many people worldwide. Disease incidence is often unknown and surveillance of human cryptosporidiosis is installed in only a handful of developed countries. A genetic marker that mirrors disease incidence is potentially a powerful tool for monitoring the two primary human infected species of  Cryptosporidium.Methods  We used the molecular epidemiological database with  Cryptosporidium  isolates from ZoopNet, which currently contains more than 1400 records with their sampling nations, and the names of the host species from which the isolates were obtained. Based on 296  C. hominis  and 195  C. parvum  GP60 sequences from human origin, the genetic diversities of  Cryptosporidium  was estimated for several nations. Notified cases of human cryptosporidiosis were collected from statistics databases for only four nations.    Results  Genetic diversities of  C. hominis  were estimated in 10 nations in 5 continents, and that of  C. parvum  of human origin were estimated in 15 nations. Correlation with reported incidence of human cryptosporidiosis in four nations (the Netherlands, United States, United Kingdom and Australia) was positive and significant. A linear model for testing the relationship between the genetic diversity and incidence produced a significantly positive estimate for the slope ( P -value < 0.05).    Conclusions  The hypothesis that genetic diversity at GP60 locus mirrors notification rates of human cryptosporidiosis was not rejected based on the data presented. Genetic diversity of  C. hominis  and  C. parvum  may therefore be an independent and complementary measure for quantifying disease incidence, for which only a moderate number of stool samples from each nation are sufficient data input.

Hypothesis: Cryptosporidium genetic diversity mirrors national disease notification rate