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Background   Wolbachia  is a group of intracellular maternally inherited bacteria infecting a high number of arthropod species. Their presence in different mosquito species has been largely described, but  Aedes aegypti , the main vector of Dengue virus, has never been found naturally infected by  Wolbachia . Similarly, malaria vectors and other anophelines are normally negative to  Wolbachia,  with the exception of an African population where these bacteria have recently been detected.  Asaia  is an acetic acid bacterium stably associated with several mosquito species, found as a dominant microorganism of the mosquito microbiota.  Asaia  has been described in gut, salivary glands and in reproductive organs of adult mosquitoes in  Ae. aegypti  and in anophelines. It has recently been shown that  Asaia  may impede vertical transmission of  Wolbachia  in  Anopheles  mosquitoes. Here we present an experimental study, aimed at determining whether there is a negative interference between  Asaia  and  Wolbachia,  for the gonad niche in mosquitoes.    Methods  Different methods (PCR and qPCR, monoclonal antibody staining and FISH) have been used to address the question of the co-localization and the relative presence/abundance of the two symbionts. PCR and qPCR were performed to qualitatively and quantitatively verify the distribution of  Asaia  and  Wolbachia  in different mosquito species/organs. Monoclonal antibody staining and FISH were performed to localize the symbionts in different mosquito species.    Results  Here we provide evidence that, in  Anopheles  and in other mosquitoes, there is a reciprocal negative interference between  Asaia  and  Wolbachia  symbionts, in terms of the colonization of the gonads. In particular, we have shown that in some mosquito species the presence of one of the symbionts prevented the establishment of the second, while in other systems the symbionts were co-localized, although at reduced densities.    Conclusions  A mutual exclusion or a competition between  Asaia  and  Wolbachia  may contribute to explain the inability of  Wolbachia  to colonize the female reproductive organs of anophelines, inhibiting its vertical transmission and explaining the absence of  Wolbachia  infection in  Ae. aegypti  and in the majority of natural populations of  Anopheles  mosquitoes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0888-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Mutual exclusion of Asaia and Wolbachia in the reproductive organs of mosquito vectors