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Background   Aedes aegypti  and  Aedes albopictus  and  Culex pipiens pallens  mosquitoes transmit dengue fever and West Nile virus diseases, respectively. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity and mechanism of action of four flavonoids and two fatty acids from  Millettia pinnata  (Fabaceae) seed as well as six pure fatty acids and four fatty acid esters toward third instar larvae from insecticide-susceptible  C. pipiens pallens  and  A. aegypti  as well as wild  A. albopictus . Efficacy of 12 experimental liquid formulations containing  M. pinnata  seed methanol extract and hydrodistillate (0.5–10.0% liquids) was also assessed.    Methods  The contact toxicities of all compounds and 12 formulations were compared with those of two larvicides, temephos and fenthion and the commercial temephos 200 g/L emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The possible mode of larvicidal action of the constituents was elucidated using biochemical methods. Larval mortality and cAMP level were analyzed by the Bonferroni multiple-comparison method.    Results  Potent toxicity was produced by karanjin, oleic acid, karanjachromene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, pongamol, pongarotene, and elaidic acid toward  C. pipiens pallens  larvae (24 h LC 50 , 14.61–28.22 mg/L) and  A. aegypti  larvae (16.13–37.61 mg/L). Against wild  A. albopictus  larvae, oleic acid (LC 50 , 18.79 mg/L) and karanjin (35.26 mg/L) exhibited potent toxicity. All constituents were less toxic than either temephos or fenthion. Structure–activity relationship indicates that the degree of saturation, the side chain length, and the geometric isomerism of fatty acids appear to play a role in determining the fatty acid toxicity. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the main site of action of the flavonoids, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The mechanism of larvicidal action of elaidic acid, arachidic acid, and behenic acid might be due to interference with the octopaminergic system. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid might act on both AChE and octopaminergic receptor.  M. pinnata  seed extract or hydrodistillate applied as 10% liquid provided 100% mortality toward the three mosquito species larvae and the efficacy of the liquids was comparable to that of temephos 200 g/L EC.    Conclusion  Further studies will warrant possible applications of  M. pinnata  seed-derived products as potential larvicides for the control of mosquito populations.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0848-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Larvicidal activity and possible mode of action of four flavonoids and two fatty acids identified in Millettia pinnata seed toward three mosquito species