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Background  Malaria is the 4 th  largest cause of mortality in Madagascar. To better understand malaria transmission dynamics, it is crucial to map the distribution of the malaria vectors, mosquitoes belonging to the genus  Anopheles . To do so, it is important to have a strong  Anopheles -specific lure to ensure the maximum number of captures. Previous studies have isolated volatiles from the human skin microbiota and found the compound 3-methyl-1-butanol to be the most attractive to the malaria mosquito,  Anopheles gambiae , in a laboratory setting; and recommended 3-methyl-1-butanol as a compound to increase  An. gambiae  captures in the field. To date, this compound’s ability to lure wild mosquitoes in differing land-use settings has not been tested. In this study, we evaluate the role of the synthetic compound, 3-methyl-1-butanol in combination with field produced CO 2  in attracting  Anopheles  mosquitoes in varying land-use sites in Madagascar.    Methods  CDC miniature light traps in combination with field produced CO 2  were deployed in and around six villages near Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. To test the role of 3-methyl-1-butanol in luring  Anopheles  mosquitoes, two traps were set in each land-use site (village, agricultural sites, and forested habitats affiliated with each village). One was baited with the synthetic odor and the other was kept as a non-baited control.    Results  While 3-methyl-1-butanol baited traps did capture  An. gambiae s.l.  in this study, we did not find traps baited with synthetic 3-methyl-1-butanol to be more successful in capturing  Anopheles  mosquitoes, (including  Anopheles gambiae s.l. ) than the non odor-baited control traps in any of the land-use sites examined; however, regardless of odor bait, trapping near livestock pens resulted in the capture of significantly more  Anopheles  specimens.    Conclusions  A strong synthetic lure in combination with insecticide has great potential as a mosquito control. Our findings suggest that trapping mosquitoes near livestock in malaria endemic regions, such as Madagascar, may be more successful at capturing  Anopheles  mosquitoes than the proposed 3-1-methyl-butanol lure.

parasites and vectors

Field evaluation of synthetic lure (3-methyl-1-butanol) when compared to non odor-baited control in capturing Anopheles mosquitoes in varying land-use sites in Madagascar