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Background  The apicomplexan parasite  Cryptosporidium  represents a threat to water quality and public health. An important zoonotic species involved in human cryptosporidiosis from contaminated water is  Cryptosporidium parvum  ( C. parvum ), the main reservoirs of which are known to be farm livestock particularly neonatal calves, although adult cattle, sheep, lambs and wildlife are also known to contribute to catchment loading of  C. parvum . This study aimed to establish  Cryptosporidium  prevalence, species and genotype in livestock, deer and water in a catchment with a history of  Cryptosporidium  contamination in the public water supply.    Methods  A novel method of processing adult ruminant faecal sample was used to concentrate oocysts, followed by a nested species specific multiplex (nssm) PCR, targeting the 18S rRNA gene, to speciate  Cryptosporidium . A multilocus fragment typing (MLFT) tool was used, in addition to GP60 sequencing, to genotype  C. parvum  positive samples.    Results  A very high prevalence of  Cryptosporidium  was detected, with speciation identifying a predominance of  C. parvum  in livestock, deer and water samples .  Four GP60 subtypes were detected within  C. parvum  with the majority IIaA15G2R1 which was detected in all host species and on all farms. Multilocus fragment typing further differentiated these into 6 highly related multilocus genotypes.    Conclusion  The high prevalence of  Cryptosporidium  detected was possibly due to a combination of the newly developed sample processing technique used and a reflection of the high rates of the parasite present in this catchment. The predominance of  C. parvum  in livestock and deer sampled in this study suggested that they represented a significant risk to water quality and public health. Genotyping results suggested that the parasite is being transmitted locally within the study area, possibly via free-roaming sheep and deer. Further studies are needed to verify particular host associations with subtypes/MLGs. Land and livestock management solutions to reduce  Cryptosporidium  on farm and in the catchment are planned with the aim to improve animal health and production as well as water quality and public health.

parasites and vectors

Prevalence, species identification and genotyping Cryptosporidium from livestock and deer in a catchment in the Cairngorms with a history of a contaminated public water supply