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Background  Originally native to East Asia,  Aedes japonicus japonicus , a potential vector of several arboviruses, has become one of the most invasive mosquito species in the world. After having established in the USA, it is now spreading in Europe, with new populations emerging. In contrast to the USA, the introduction pathways and modes of dispersal in Europe are largely obscure.    Methods  To find out if two recently detected populations of  Ae. j. japonicus  in The Netherlands and northern Germany go back to new importations or to movements within Europe, the genetic makeup of mosquito specimens from all known European populations was compared. For this purpose, seven microsatellite loci from a representative number of mosquito specimens were genotyped and part of their mitochondrial  nad 4 gene sequenced.    Results  A novel  nad 4 haplotype found in the newly discovered Dutch population of  Ae. j. japonicus  suggests that this population is not closely related to the other European populations but has emanated from a further introduction event. With five  nad 4 haplotypes, the Dutch population also shows a very high genetic diversity indicating that either the founder population was very large or multiple introductions took place. By contrast, the recently detected North German population could be clearly assigned to one of the two previously determined European  Ae. j. japonicus  microsatellite genotypes and shows  nad 4 haplotypes that are known from West Germany.    Conclusion  As the European populations of  Ae. j. japonicus  are geographically separated but genetically mixed, their establishment must be attributed to passive transportation. In addition to intercontinental shipment, it can be assumed that human activities are also responsible for medium- and short-distance overland spread. A better understanding of the processes underlying the introduction and spread of this invasive species will help to increase public awareness of the human-mediated displacement of mosquitoes and to find strategies to avoid it.

parasites and vectors

Recently discovered Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in The Netherlands and northern Germany resulted from a new introduction event and from a split from an existing population