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Background  A putative new species of  Varestrongylus  has been recently recognized in wild North American ungulates based on the ITS-2 sequences of larvae isolated from feces during a wide geographic survey. No taxonomic description was provided, as adult specimens were not examined.    Methods  Lungworm specimens were collected in the terminal bronchioles of muskoxen from Quebec, and a woodland caribou from central Alberta, Canada. The L3 stage was recovered from experimentally infected slugs ( Deroceras  spp.). Description of specimens was based on comparative morphology and integrated approaches. Molecular identity was determined by PCR and sequencing of the ITS-2 region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and compared to other protostrongylids.    Results   Varestrongylus eleguneniensis  sp. n. is established for a recently discovered protostrongylid nematode found in caribou ( Rangifer tarandus ), muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus ) and moose ( Alces americanus ); hosts that collectively occupy an extensive geographic range across northern North America. Adults of  Varestrongylus eleguneniensis  are distinguished from congeners by a combination of characters in males (distally bifurcate gubernaculum, relatively short equal spicules not split distally, a strongly elongate and bifurcate dorsal ray, and an undivided copulatory bursa) and females (reduced provagina with hood-like fold extending ventrally across prominent genital protuberance). Third-stage larvae resemble those found among other species in the genus. The genus  Varestrongylus  is emended to account for the structure of the dorsal ray characteristic of  V. eleguneniensis ,  V. alpenae ,  V. alces  and  V. longispiculatus .    Conclusions  Herein we describe and name  V. eleguneniensis , a pulmonary protostrongylid with  Rangifer tarandus  as a primary definitive host, and which secondarily infects muskoxen and moose in areas of sympatry. Biogeographic history for  V. eleguneniensis  and  V. alpenae,  the only two endemic species of  Varestrongylus  known from North America, appears consistent with independent events of geographic expansion with cervid hosts from Eurasia into North America during the late Pliocene and Quaternary.

parasites and vectors

Varestrongylus eleguneniensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae): a widespread, multi-host lungworm of wild North American ungulates, with an emended diagnosis for the genus and explorations of biogeography