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Background   Heligmosomoides polygyrus  is a widespread gastro-intestinal nematode infecting wild  Apodemus  (wood mice) throughout Europe. Using molecular and morphological evidence, we review the status of  Heligmosomoides  from  Apodemus agrarius  in Poland previously considered to be an outlying clade of  H. polygyrus , to further resolve the status of the laboratory model species,  H. bakeri .    Methods  Morphological analysis of the male bursa and the synlophe, and molecular analyses of concatenated nuclear (28S rDNA, ITS1 and ITS2) and mitochondrial ( CO1  and  cytb ) genes, of  Heligmosomoides  collected from  Apodemus agrarius  from two sites in Poland and comparison with related heligmosomids from voles and mice in Eurasia.    Results   Heligmosomoides neopolygyrus , a heligmosomid nematode from  Apodemus  species from China and Japan, is recognised for the first time in western Europe infecting  Apodemus agrarius  in Poland. It can be distinguished from  H. polygyrus  by the filiform externo-dorsal rays of the male copulatory bursa and the small, equally distributed longitudinal crêtes on the body. Specimens from  A. agrarius  are 20% different at ribosomal (ITS1 and ITS2) nuclear loci, and 10% different at the mitochondrial  cytb  locus from  H. polygyrus , and in phylogenetic analyses group with the vole-infecting genus  Heligmosomum .    Conclusions  Despite morphological similarity,  H. neopolygyrus  is only distantly related to  H. polygyrus  from western European  Apodemus , and may be more closely related to vole-infecting taxa. It was brought into Europe by the recent rapid migration of the host mice. Inclusion of  H. neopolygyrus  in phylogenies makes it clear that  Heligmosomoides  is paraphyletic, with the pika-infecting  Ohbayashinema  and the vole-infecting  Heligmosomum  nesting within it. Clarification of the European status of  H. neopolygyrus  also allows  H. bakeri , the laboratory model species, to be seen as a terminal sister clade to  H. polygyrus , rather than as an internal clade of the latter taxon.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0457-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Heligmosomoides neopolygyrus Asakawa &amp; Ohbayashi, 1986, a cryptic Asian nematode infecting the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius in Central Europe