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Background  As methane is 84 times more potent than carbon dioxide in exacerbating the greenhouse effect, there is an increasing interest in the utilization of methanotrophic bacteria that can convert harmful methane into various value-added compounds. A recently isolated methanotroph,  Methylomonas  sp. DH-1, is a promising biofactory platform because of its relatively fast growth. However, the lack of genetic engineering tools hampers its wide use in the bioindustry.    Results  Through three different approaches, we constructed a tunable promoter library comprising 33 promoters that can be used for the metabolic engineering of  Methylomonas  sp. DH-1. The library had an expression level of 0.24–410% when compared with the strength of the  lac  promoter. For practical application of the promoter library, we fine-tuned the expressions of  cadA  and  cadB  genes, required for cadaverine synthesis and export, respectively. The strain with P rpmB - cadA  and P DnaA - cadB  produced the highest cadaverine titre (18.12 ± 1.06 mg/L) in  Methylomonas  sp. DH-1, which was up to 2.8-fold higher than that obtained from a non-optimized strain. In addition, cell growth and lysine (a precursor of cadaverine) production assays suggested that gene expression optimization through transcription tuning can afford a balance between the growth and precursor supply.    Conclusions  The tunable promoter library provides standard and tunable components for gene expression, thereby facilitating the use of methanotrophs, specifically  Methylomonas  sp. DH-1, as a sustainable cell factory.    Graphical AbstractSupplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-021-02077-8.

biotechnology for biofuels

Construction of a tunable promoter library to optimize gene expression in Methylomonas sp. DH-1, a methanotroph, and its application to cadaverine production