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Background   Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis  has gained interest for its ability to grow on various lignocellulosic biomass. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth profiles of  C .  kronotskyensis  in the presence of mixtures of glucose–xylose. Recently, we characterized a diauxic-like pattern for  C. saccharolyticus  on lignocellulosic sugar mixtures. In this study, we aimed to investigate further whether  C .  kronotskyensis  has adapted to uptake glucose in the disaccharide form (cellobiose) rather than the monosaccharide (glucose).    Results  Interestingly, growth of  C .  kronotskyensis  on glucose and xylose mixtures did not display diauxic-like growth patterns. Closer investigation revealed that, in contrast to  C. saccharolyticus ,  C .  kronotskyensis  does not possess a second uptake system for glucose. Both C.  saccharolyticus  and  C .  kronotskyensis  share the characteristics of preferring xylose over glucose. Growth on xylose was twice as fast ( μ  max  = 0.57 h −1 ) as on glucose ( μ  max  = 0.28 h −1 ). A study of the sugar uptake was made with different glucose–xylose ratios to find a kinetic relationship between the two sugars for transport into the cell. High concentrations of glucose inhibited xylose uptake and vice versa. The inhibition constants were estimated to be  K  I,glu  = 0.01 cmol L −1  and  K  I,xyl  = 0.001 cmol L −1 , hence glucose uptake was more severely inhibited by xylose uptake. Bioinformatics analysis could not exclude that  C .  kronotskyensis  possesses more than one transporter for glucose. As a next step it was investigated whether glucose uptake by  C .  kronotskyensis  improved in the form of cellobiose. Indeed, cellobiose is taken up faster than glucose; nevertheless, the growth rate on each sugar remained similar.    Conclusions   C .  kronotskyensis  possesses a xylose transporter that might take up glucose at an inferior rate even in the absence of xylose. Alternatively, glucose can be taken up in the form of cellobiose, but growth performance is still inferior to growth on xylose. Therefore, we propose that the catabolism of  C .  kronotskyensis  has adapted more strongly to pentose rather than hexose, thereby having obtained a specific survival edge in thermophilic lignocellulosic degradation communities.

Characterization of simultaneous uptake of xylose and glucose in Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis for optimal hydrogen production