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Background  Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that has a variety of physiological functions for infant development and human health. Although metabolic engineering was previously demonstrated to be a highly efficient way to rapidly increase lipid production, metabolic engineering has seldom been previously used to increase DHA accumulation in  Schizochytrium  spp.    Results  Here, a sensitive β-galactosidase reporter system was established to screen for strong promoters in  Schizochytrium  sp. Four constitutive promoters ( EF - 1α   p  ,  TEF - 1   p  ,  ccg1   p  , and  ubiquitin   p  ) and one methanol-induced  AOX1  promoter were characterized by the reporter system with the promoter activity  ccg1   p  >  TEF - 1   p   >  AOX1   p   (induced) >  EF - 1α   p   >  ubiquitin   p  . With the strong constitutive promoter  ccg1   p  ,  Schizochytrium  ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were overexpressed in  Schizochytrium  sp. ATCC 20888. The cells were cultivated at 28 °C and 250 rpm for 120 h with glucose as the carbon source. Shake-flask fermentation results showed that the overexpression strains exhibited growth curves and biomass similar to those of the wild-type strain. The lipid contents of the wild-type strain and of the OACL, OACC, and OACL-ACC strains were 53.8, 68.8, 69.8, and 73.0%, respectively, and the lipid yields of the overexpression strains were increased by 21.9, 30.5, and 38.3%, respectively. DHA yields of the wild-type strain and of the corresponding overexpression strains were 4.3, 5.3, 6.1, and 6.4 g/L, i.e., DHA yields of the overexpression strains were increased by 23.3, 41.9, and 48.8%, respectively.    Conclusions  Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are precursors for fatty acid synthesis. ACL catalyzes the conversion of citrate in the cytoplasm into acetyl-CoA, and ACC catalyzes the synthesis of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA. The results demonstrate that overexpression of ACL and ACC enhances lipid accumulation and DHA production in  Schizochytrium  sp.

Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid production by overexpression of ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in Schizochytrium sp.