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Background  Furfural and acetic acid are the two major inhibitors generated during lignocellulose pretreatment and hydrolysis, would severely inhibit the cell growth, metabolism, and ethanol fermentation efficiency of  Zymomonas mobilis . Effective genome shuffling mediated by protoplast electrofusion was developed and then applied to  Z. mobilis .    Results  After two rounds of genome shuffling, 10 different mutants with improved cell growth and ethanol yield in the presence of 5.0 g/L acetic acid and 3.0 g/L furfural were obtained. The two most prominent genome-shuffled strains, 532 and 533, were further investigated along with parental strains in the presence of 7.0 g/L acetic acid and 3.0 g/L furfural. The results showed that mutants 532 and 533 were superior to the parental strain AQ8-1 in the presence of 7.0 g/L acetic acid, with a shorter fermentation time (30 h) and higher productivity than AQ8-1. Mutant 533 exhibited subtle differences from parental strain F34 in the presence of 3.0 g/L furfural. Mutations present in 10 genome-shuffled strains were identified via whole-genome resequencing, and the source of each mutation was identified as either de novo mutation or recombination of the parent genes.    Conclusions  These results indicate that genome shuffling is an efficient method for enhancing stress tolerance in  Z. mobilis . The engineered strains generated in this study could be potential cellulosic ethanol producers in the future.

Genome shuffling enhances stress tolerance of Zymomonas mobilis to two inhibitors