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Background   Euglena gracilis , a unicellular flagellated microalga, is regarded as one of the most promising species as microalgal feedstock for biofuels. Its lipids (mainly wax esters) are suitable for biodiesel and jet fuel. Culture of  E. gracilis  using wastewater effluent will improve the economics of  E. gracilis  biofuel production. Enhancement of the productivity of  E. gracilis  biomass is critical to creating a highly efficient biofuels production system. Certain bacteria have been found to promote microalgal growth by creating a favorable microenvironment. These bacteria have been characterized as microalgae growth-promoting bacteria (MGPB). Co-culture of microalgae with MGPB might offer an effective strategy to enhance microalgal biomass production in wastewater effluent culture systems. However, no MGPB has been identified to enhance the growth of  E. gracilis . The objectives of this study were, therefore, to isolate and characterize the MGPB effective for  E. gracilis  and to demonstrate that the isolated MGPB indeed enhances the production of biomass and lipids by  E. gracilis  in wastewater effluent culture system.    Results  A bacterium,  Emticicia  sp. EG3, which is capable of promoting the growth of microalga  E. gracilis , was isolated from an  E. gracilis -municipal wastewater effluent culture. Biomass production rate of  E. gracilis  was enhanced 3.5-fold and 3.1-fold by EG3 in the co-culture system using a medium of heat-sterilized and non-sterilized wastewater effluent, respectively, compared to growth in the same effluent culture but without EG3. Two-step culture system was examined as follows:  E. gracilis  was cultured with or without EG3 in wastewater effluent in the first step and was further grown in wastewater effluent in the second step. Production yields of biomass and lipids by  E. gracilis  were enhanced 3.2-fold and 2.9-fold, respectively, in the second step of the system in which  E. gracilis  was co-cultured with EG3 in the first step.    Conclusion   Emticicia  sp. EG3 is the first MGPB for  E. gracilis . Growth-promoting bacteria such as EG3 will be promising agents for enhancing  E. gracilis  biomass/biofuel productivities.

Enhanced production of biomass and lipids by Euglena gracilis via co-culturing with a microalga growth-promoting bacterium, Emticicia sp. EG3