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Background  Plant seed oil is an important bioresource for human food and animal feed, as well as industrial bioproducts. Therefore, increasing oil content in seeds has been one of the primary targets in the breeding programs of oilseed crops.  Thraustochytrium  is a marine protist that can produce a high level of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) using a PUFA synthase, a polyketide synthase-like fatty acid synthase with multiple catalytic domains. Our previous study showed that a KS domain from the synthase could complement an  Escherichia coli  mutant defective in β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I ( FabB ) and increase the total fatty acid production. In this study, this KS domain from the PUFA synthase was further functionally analyzed in  Arabidopsis thaliana  for the capacity of oil production.    Results  The plastidial expression of the KS domain could complement the defective phenotypes of a  KASI  knockout mutant generated by CRISPR/Cas9. Seed-specific expression of the domain in wild-type  Arabidopsis  significantly increased seed weight and seed oil, and altered the unsaturation level of fatty acids in seeds, as well as promoted seed germination and early seedling growth.    Conclusions  The condensation process of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants is a limiting step, and overexpression of the KS domain from a PUFA synthase of microbial origin offers a new strategy to increase oil production in oilseed plants.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13068-019-1514-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Enhancing oil production in Arabidopsis through expression of a ketoacyl-ACP synthase domain of the PUFA synthase from Thraustochytrium