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Background  Aliphatic hydrocarbons of microbial origin are highly interesting candidate biofuels because these molecules are identical or very similar to the main components of petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuels. The high-GC Gram-positive bacterium  Micrococcus luteus  is capable of naturally synthesizing long-chain,  iso - and  anteiso -branched alkenes which are formed via the head-to-head condensation of fatty acid thioesters by a dedicated enzyme system. The present study describes the relation we observed between olefin production and cell buoyancy in  Micrococcus luteus  and the use of this phenotype to simply and efficiently separate cells from a mixture based on their hydrocarbon content.    Methods  We generated  M. luteus  mutants producing different amounts of olefins and used them in mixing and sedimentation experiments, olefin content analysis by GC-MS and in equilibrium centrifugation in Percoll gradients.    Results  We found well-detectable differences in the buoyant densities of the examined strains, which correlated with the amounts of hydrocarbons produced by the cells. We also demonstrate how our observations can be used to simply and efficiently fractionate cells based on their hydrocarbon content.    Conclusions  In summary, we show that cultures of  M. luteus  cells sediment at distinct rates depending on the amounts of alkenes produced. Our results indicate that buoyant cell density is the primary cause for the observed differences in sedimentation behaviour. The simple separation strategy described here can be a valuable tool in various mutagenesis and enrichment protocols, aimed at generating and isolating strains with increased olefin productivity.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13068-018-1286-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Variances in cellular sedimentation behavior as an effective enrichment method of hydrocarbon-overproducing Micrococcus luteus strains