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Background  The synchronous triacylglycerol (TAG) production with the growth is a key step to lower the cost of the microalgae-based biofuel production. Phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) has been identified recently and catalyzes the phospholipid contributing acyl group to diacylglycerol to synthesize TAG, and is considered as the important source of TAG in  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii .    Results  Using a chimeric Hsp70A–RbcS2 promoter, exogenous PDAT form  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  fused with a chloroplast transit peptide was expressed in  C. reinhardtii  CC-137. Proved by western blot, the expression of ScPDAT showed a synchronous trend to the growth in the exponential phase. Compared to the wild type, the strain of  Scpdat  achieved 22% increase in the content of total fatty acids and 32% increase in TAG content. In addition, the fluctuation of C16 series fatty acid in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine and TAG indicated an enhancement in the TAG accumulation pathway.    Conclusion  The TAG production was enhanced in the regular cultivation without the nutrient stress by strengthening the conversion of polar lipid to TAG in  C. reinhardtii  and the findings provide a candidate strategy for rational engineered strain to overcome the decline in the growth during the TAG accumulation triggered by nitrogen starvation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13068-018-1160-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The synchronous TAG production with the growth by the expression of chloroplast transit peptide-fused ScPDAT in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii