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Background  Anaerobic digestion, whose final products are methane and carbon dioxide, ensures energy flow and circulation of matter in ecosystems. This naturally occurring process is used for the production of renewable energy from biomass. Lactate, a common product of acidic fermentation, is a key intermediate in anaerobic digestion of biomass in the environment and biogas plants. Effective utilization of lactate has been observed in many experimental approaches used to study anaerobic digestion. Interestingly, anaerobic lactate oxidation and lactate oxidizers as a physiological group in methane-yielding microbial communities have not received enough attention in the context of the acetogenic step of anaerobic digestion. This study focuses on metabolic transformation of lactate during the acetogenic and methanogenic steps of anaerobic digestion in methane-yielding bioreactors.    Results  Methane-yielding microbial communities instead of pure cultures of acetate producers were used to process artificial lactate-rich media to methane and carbon dioxide in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. The media imitated the mixture of acidic products found in anaerobic environments/digesters where lactate fermentation dominates in acidogenesis. Effective utilization of lactate and biogas production was observed. 16S rRNA profiling was used to examine the selected methane-yielding communities. Among  Archaea  present in the bioreactors, the order  Methanosarcinales  predominated. The acetoclastic pathway of methane formation was further confirmed by analysis of the stable carbon isotope composition of methane and carbon dioxide. The domain  Bacteria  was represented by  Bacteroidetes ,  Firmicutes ,  Proteobacteria ,  Synergistetes ,  Actinobacteria ,  Spirochaetes ,  Tenericutes ,  Caldithrix ,  Verrucomicrobia ,  Thermotogae ,  Chloroflexi ,  Nitrospirae,  and  Cyanobacteria.  Available genome sequences of species and/or genera identified in the microbial communities were searched for genes encoding the lactate-oxidizing metabolic machinery homologous to those of  Acetobacterium woodii  and  Desulfovibrio vulgaris . Furthermore, genes for enzymes of the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway were present in the microbial communities.    Conclusions  The results indicate that lactate is oxidized mainly to acetate during the acetogenic step of AD and this comprises the acetotrophic pathway of methanogenesis. The genes for lactate utilization under anaerobic conditions are widespread in the domain  Bacteria.  Lactate oxidation to the substrates for methanogens is the most energetically attractive process in comparison to butyrate, propionate, or ethanol oxidation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13068-018-1106-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Methane-yielding microbial communities processing lactate-rich substrates: a piece of the anaerobic digestion puzzle