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Background  Economical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and bioproducts is central to the establishment of a robust bioeconomy. This requires a conversion host that is able to both efficiently assimilate the major lignocellulose-derived carbon sources and divert their metabolites toward specific bioproducts.    Results  In this study, the carotenogenic yeast  Rhodosporidium toruloides  was examined for its ability to convert lignocellulose into two non-native sesquiterpenes with biofuel (bisabolene) and pharmaceutical (amorphadiene) applications. We found that  R. toruloides  can efficiently convert a mixture of glucose and xylose from hydrolyzed lignocellulose into these bioproducts, and unlike many conventional production hosts, its growth and productivity were enhanced in lignocellulosic hydrolysates relative to purified substrates. This organism was demonstrated to have superior growth in corn stover hydrolysates prepared by two different pretreatment methods, one using a novel biocompatible ionic liquid (IL) choline α-ketoglutarate, which produced 261 mg/L of bisabolene at bench scale, and the other using an alkaline pretreatment, which produced 680 mg/L of bisabolene in a high-gravity fed-batch bioreactor. Interestingly,  R. toruloides  was also observed to assimilate  p -coumaric acid liberated from acylated grass lignin in the IL hydrolysate, a finding we verified with purified substrates.  R. toruloides  was also able to consume several additional compounds with aromatic motifs similar to lignin monomers, suggesting that this organism may have the metabolic potential to convert depolymerized lignin streams alongside lignocellulosic sugars.    Conclusions  This study highlights the natural compatibility of  R. toruloides  with bioprocess conditions relevant to lignocellulosic biorefineries and demonstrates its ability to produce non-native terpenes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-017-0927-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Rhodosporidium toruloides: a new platform organism for conversion of lignocellulose into terpene biofuels and bioproducts