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Background  Domain of Unknown Function 266 (DUF266) is a plant-specific domain. DUF266-containing proteins (DUF266 proteins) have been categorized as ‘not classified glycosyltransferases (GTnc)’ due to amino acid similarity with GTs. However, little is known about the function of DUF266 proteins.    Results  Phylogenetic analysis revealed that DUF266 proteins are only present in the land plants including moss and lycophyte. We report the functional characterization of one member of DUF266 proteins in  Populus,  PdDUF266A.  PdDUF266A  was ubiquitously expressed with high abundance in the xylem. In  Populus  transgenic plants overexpressing  PdDUF266A  ( OXPdDUF266A ), the glucose and cellulose contents were significantly higher, while the lignin content was lower than that in the wild type. Degree of polymerization of cellulose in  OXPdDUF266A  transgenic plants was also higher, whereas cellulose crystallinity index remained unchanged. Gene expression analysis indicated that cellulose biosynthesis-related genes such as  CESA  and  SUSY  were upregulated in mature leaf and xylem of  OXPdDUF266A  transgenic plants. Moreover,  PdDUF266A  overexpression resulted in an increase of biomass production. Their glucose contents and biomass phenotypes were further validated via heterologous expression of  PdDUF266A  in Arabidopsis. Results from saccharification treatment demonstrated that the rate of sugar release was increased by approximately 38% in the  OXPdDUF266A  transgenic plants.    Conclusions  These results suggest that the overexpression of  PdDUF266A  can increase cellulose content, reduce recalcitrance, and enhance biomass production, and that  PdDUF266A  is a promising target for genetic manipulation for biofuel production.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-017-0760-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

biotechnology for biofuels

Overexpression of a Domain of Unknown Function 266-containing protein results in high cellulose content, reduced recalcitrance, and enhanced plant growth in the bioenergy crop Populus