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Background  The inherent recalcitrance of woody bioenergy feedstocks is a major challenge for their use as a source of second-generation biofuel. Secondary cell walls that constitute the majority of hardwood biomass are rich in cellulose, xylan, and lignin. The interactions among these polymers prevent facile accessibility and deconstruction by enzymes and chemicals. Plant biomass that can with minimal pretreatment be degraded into sugars is required to produce renewable biofuels in a cost-effective manner.    Results  GAUT12/IRX8 is a putative glycosyltransferase proposed to be involved in secondary cell wall glucuronoxylan and/or pectin biosynthesis based on concomitant reductions of both xylan and the pectin homogalacturonan (HG) in  Arabidopsis irx8  mutants. Two GAUT12 homologs exist in  Populus trichocarpa ,  PtGAUT12.1  and  PtGAUT12.2 . Knockdown expression of both genes simultaneously has been shown to reduce xylan content in  Populus  wood. We tested the proposition that RNA interference (RNAi) downregulation of  GAUT12.1  alone would lead to increased sugar release in  Populus  wood, that is, reduced recalcitrance, based on the hypothesis that GAUT12 synthesizes a wall structure required for deposition of xylan and that cell walls with less xylan and/or modified cell wall architecture would have reduced recalcitrance. Using an RNAi approach, we generated 11  Populus deltoides  transgenic lines with 50 to 67% reduced  PdGAUT12.1  transcript expression compared to wild type (WT) and vector controls. Ten of the eleven RNAi lines yielded 4 to 8% greater glucose release upon enzymatic saccharification than the controls. The  PdGAUT12.1  knockdown ( PdGAUT12.1 -KD) lines also displayed 12 to 52% and 12 to 44% increased plant height and radial stem diameter, respectively, compared to the controls. Knockdown of  PdGAUT12.1  resulted in a 25 to 47% reduction in galacturonic acid and 17 to 30% reduction in xylose without affecting total lignin content, revealing that in  Populus  wood as in  Arabidopsis , GAUT12 affects both pectin and xylan formation. Analyses of the sugars present in sequential cell wall extracts revealed a reduction of glucuronoxylan and pectic HG and rhamnogalacturonan in extracts from  PdGAUT12.1 -KD lines.    Conclusions  The results show that downregulation of GAUT12.1 leads to a reduction in a population of xylan and pectin during wood formation and to reduced recalcitrance, more easily extractable cell walls, and increased growth in  Populus .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-015-0218-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

biotechnology for biofuels

Downregulation of GAUT12 in Populus deltoides by RNA silencing results in reduced recalcitrance, increased growth and reduced xylan and pectin in a woody biofuel feedstock