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Background  To ensure reliable sources of energy and raw materials, the utilization of sustainable biomass has considerable advantages over petroleum-based energy sources. Photosynthetic algae have attracted attention as a third-generation feedstock for biofuel production, because algae cultivation does not directly compete with agricultural resources, including the requirement for productive land and fresh water. In particular, cyanobacteria are a promising biomass feedstock because of their high photosynthetic capability.    Results  In the present study, the expression of the  flv3  gene, which encodes a flavodiiron protein involved in alternative electron flow (AEF) associated with NADPH-coupled O 2  photoreduction in photosystem I, was enhanced in  Synechocystis  sp. PCC6803. Overexpression of  flv3  improved cell growth with corresponding increases in O 2  evolution, intracellular ATP level, and turnover of the Calvin cycle. The combination of  in vivo  13 C-labeling of metabolites and metabolomic analysis confirmed that the photosynthetic carbon flow was enhanced in the  flv3 -overexpressing strain.    Conclusions  Overexpression of  flv3  improved cell growth and glycogen production in the recombinant  Synechocystis  sp. PCC6803. Direct measurement of metabolic turnover provided conclusive evidence that CO 2  incorporation is enhanced by the  flv3  overexpression. Increase in O 2  evolution and ATP accumulation indicates enhancement of the AEF. Overexpression of  flv3  improves photosynthesis in the  Synechocystis  sp. PCC6803 by enhancement of the AEF.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-014-0183-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Overexpression of flv3 improves photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 by enhancement of alternative electron flow