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Background   Paeonia suffruticosa  is an important traditional Chinese herb used to treat osteoarthritis (OA) and oligostilbenes are the main active ingredient of the seeds of  P. suffruticosa . The monomer  trans -resveratrol of this species was demonstrated to have chondroprotective effects as a lead compound for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but it has not been applied due to its low efficacy.    Methods  Oligostilbenes were isolated by chromatography and were identified by NMR and HPLC. A rabbit osteoarthritis chondrocyte model was induced by interleukin-1β and was treated with individual drugs to systematically evaluate their effects. Cell Counting Kit 8 was used to test their effects on cell viability, calculate EC 50  and plot a dose–response curve.Their effects on apoptosis were analyzed by Annexin V and PI staining, and the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes COL2A1, MMP13 and SOX9 was evaluated by real-time PCR.    Results   Paeonia suffruticosa  seed extract could promote the cell viability of rabbit OA chondrocytes at low concentration and then ten oligostilbenes were isolated from it.  Trans -oligostilbenes were better than their  cis -forms, trimers and dimers were better than monomers for promoting the cell viability of rabbit osteoarthritis chondrocytes. None of the oligostilbenes was more effective than seed extract at the appropriate concentration; 1 μM oligostilbenes all showed various anti-apoptotic effects.  Trans -gnetin H showed the best effect on proliferation and inhibition of MMP13 expression on OA chondrocytes, while  trans -viniferin was most effective in promoting the expression of COL2A1 and SOX9.    Conclusions  Ten oligostilbenes from  P. suffruticosa  seed all have certain protective effects on OA chondrocytes at low concentration. The  trans -viniferin and some trimers have the potential to be further developed for the treatment of osteoarthritis because they were more effective than resveratrol and diacerein. The synergistic effect that may exist between oligostilbenes also warrants further research.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13065-019-0589-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Protective effects of ten oligostilbenes from Paeonia suffruticosa seeds on interleukin-1β-induced rabbit osteoarthritis chondrocytes