English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

* Correspondence: emily. vogtmann@nih.gov Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Introduction In the United States (US), racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes persist despite advancement in biomedical technology, treatments, and public health interventions [1]. Historically, understanding the underlying causes of these disparities has been difficult. Racial and ethnic disparities are not attributable to a single factor, such as genetics, but to multi-factorial and complex factors known collectively as social determinants of health, which involve psychosocial, socioeconomic, cultural, dietary/ lifestyle, healthcare-/policy-related, and other environmental factors [2, 3]. The term “race” was developed as a social construct rooted in justifications for oppression and discrimination on the basis of phenotypic features. Despite its roots, adverse events based on one’s race and their biological consequences are real, though exposures strongly correlated with racial identity are often difficult to measure and quantify with conventional research tools. The term “ethnicity” captures differences in nationality and in cultural and social groups, but groupings are usually broad and may not capture all details relevant to studying health disparities [2]. Despite limitations of the terms “race” and “ethnicity,” epidemiologic studies consistently demonstrate the persistence of racial/ethnic disparities even after adjustment for and stratification by biologically plausible, albeit often crudely measured, confounders and effect measure modifiers [4]. Clearly, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms whereby identifying as a certain race or ethnicity confers real biological consequences. The gastrointestinal microbiota, herein focused on the trillions of bacteria residing in the oral cavity and gut, is presumably related to the etiology of multiple health conditions with racial/ethnic differences in incidence and survival. Many exposures that tend to differ across racial/ethnic groups may act individually and collectively to influence gastrointestinal microbial composition. For example, previous epidemiologic studies suggested racial/ethnic differences in some estimated dietary/lifestyle exposures (e.g., alcohol consumption) [5]. These exposures individually may explain some observed

Elucidating the role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in racial and ethnic health disparities