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Background  Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of dsRNA by ADAR proteins is a pervasive epitranscriptome feature. Tens of thousands of A-to-I editing events are defined in the mouse, yet the functional impact of most is unknown. Editing causing protein recoding is the essential function of ADAR2, but an essential role for recoding by ADAR1 has not been demonstrated. ADAR1 has been proposed to have editing-dependent and editing-independent functions. The relative contribution of these in vivo has not been clearly defined. A critical function of ADAR1 is editing of endogenous RNA to prevent activation of the dsRNA sensor MDA5 ( Ifih1 ). Outside of this, how ADAR1 editing contributes to normal development and homeostasis is uncertain.    Results  We describe the consequences of ADAR1 editing deficiency on murine homeostasis.  Adar1    E861A/E861A    Ifih1    -/-   mice are strikingly normal, including their lifespan. There is a mild, non-pathogenic innate immune activation signature in the  Adar1    E861A/E861A    Ifih1    -/-   mice. Assessing A-to-I editing across adult tissues demonstrates that outside of the brain, ADAR1 performs the majority of editing and that ADAR2 cannot compensate in its absence. Direct comparison of the  Adar1    -/-   and  Adar1    E861A/E861A   alleles demonstrates a high degree of concordance on both  Ifih1    +/+   and  Ifih1    -/-   backgrounds, suggesting no substantial contribution from ADAR1 editing-independent functions.    Conclusions  These analyses demonstrate that the lifetime absence of ADAR1-editing is well tolerated in the absence of MDA5. We conclude that protein recoding arising from ADAR1-mediated editing is not essential for organismal homeostasis. Additionally, the phenotypes associated with loss of ADAR1 are the result of RNA editing and MDA5-dependent functions.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1301-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Protein recoding by ADAR1-mediated RNA editing is not essential for normal development and homeostasis