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Background  Terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution is a physiological process of breast tissue aging characterized by a reduction in the epithelial component. In studies of women with benign breast disease, researchers have found that age-matched women with lower levels of TDLU involution are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. We previously showed that breast cancer cases with core basal phenotype (CBP; estrogen receptor negative [ER − ], progesterone receptor-negative [PR − ], human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative [HER2 − ], cytokeratins (CK 5 or CK5/6)-positive [CK5/6 + ] and/or epidermal growth factor receptor-positive [EGFR + ]) tumors had significantly reduced TDLU involution compared with cases with luminal A (ER +  and/or PR + , HER2 − , CK5/6 − , EGFR − ) tumors from a population-based case-control study in Poland. We evaluated the association of TDLU involution with tumor subtypes in an independent population of women in China, where the breast cancer incidence rate, prevalence of known risk factors, and mammographic breast density are thought to be markedly different from those of Polish women.    Methods  We performed morphometric assessment of TDLUs by using three reproducible semiquantitative measures that inversely correlate with TDLU involution (TDLU count/100 mm 2 , TDLU span in micrometer, and acini count/TDLU) by examining benign tissue blocks from 254 age-matched luminal A and 250 triple-negative (TN; ER − , PR − , HER2 − , including 125 CBP) breast cancer cases treated in a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China.    Results  Overall, we found that TN and particularly CBP cases tended to have greater TDLU measures (less involution) than luminal A cases in logistic regression models accounting for age, body mass index, parity, and tumor grade. The strongest association was observed for tertiles of acini count among younger women (aged &lt;50 years) (CBP vs. luminal A; OR trend  2.11, 95% CI 1.22–3.67,  P  = 0.008).    Conclusions  These data extend previous findings that TN/CBP breast cancers are associated with reduced TDLU involution in surrounding breast parenchyma compared with luminal A cases among Chinese women, providing further support for differences in the pathogenesis of these tumor subtypes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0850-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Age-related terminal duct lobular unit involution in benign tissues from Chinese breast cancer patients with luminal and triple-negative tumors