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Background  Multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C) has been described as a novel and often severe presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. We aimed to describe the characteristics of children admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) presenting with MIS-C in comparison with those admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection with other features such as COVID-19 pneumonia.    Methods  A multicentric prospective national registry including 47 PICUs was carried out. Data from children admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or fulfilling MIS-C criteria (with or without SARS-CoV-2 PCR confirmation) were collected. Clinical, laboratory and therapeutic features between MIS-C and non-MIS-C patients were compared.    Results  Seventy-four children were recruited. Sixty-one percent met MIS-C definition. MIS-C patients were older than non-MIS-C patients ( p  = 0.002): 9.4 years (IQR 5.5–11.8) vs 3.4 years (IQR 0.4–9.4). A higher proportion of them had no previous medical history of interest (88.2% vs 51.7%,  p  = 0.005). Non-MIS-C patients presented more frequently with respiratory distress (60.7% vs 13.3%,  p  < 0.001). MIS-C patients showed higher prevalence of fever (95.6% vs 64.3%,  p  < 0.001), diarrhea (66.7% vs 11.5%,  p  < 0.001), vomits (71.1% vs 23.1%,  p  = 0.001), fatigue (65.9% vs 36%,  p  = 0.016), shock (84.4% vs 13.8%,  p  < 0.001) and cardiac dysfunction (53.3% vs 10.3%,  p  = 0.001). MIS-C group had a lower lymphocyte count ( p  < 0.001) and LDH ( p  = 0.001) but higher neutrophil count ( p  = 0.045), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio ( p  < 0.001), C-reactive protein ( p  < 0.001) and procalcitonin ( p  < 0.001). Patients in the MIS-C group were less likely to receive invasive ventilation (13.3% vs 41.4%,  p  = 0.005) but were more often treated with vasoactive drugs (66.7% vs 24.1%,  p  < 0.001), corticosteroids (80% vs 44.8%,  p  = 0.003) and immunoglobulins (51.1% vs 6.9%,  p  < 0.001). Most patients were discharged from PICU by the end of data collection with a median length of stay of 5 days (IQR 2.5–8 days) in the MIS-C group. Three patients died, none of them belonged to the MIS-C group.    Conclusions  MIS-C seems to be the most frequent presentation among critically ill children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. MIS-C patients are older and usually healthy. They show a higher prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and shock and are more likely to receive vasoactive drugs and immunomodulators and less likely to need mechanical ventilation than non-MIS-C patients.

critical care

Severe manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents: from COVID-19 pneumonia to multisystem inflammatory syndrome: a multicentre study in pediatric intensive care units in Spain