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To the Editor: The administration of supplemental oxygen is one of the ubiquitous interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU) and can be life-saving for mechanically ventilated patients [1]. However, excessive oxygen could be detrimental. Recently, several studies comparing the effect of conservative and liberal oxygen therapy for critically ill patients did not achieve consistent results [2, 3]. Furthermore, in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), conservative oxygen therapy even had a signal of increased mortality and mesenteric ischemia [4]. Of note, the target oxygen levels in these studies were not the same. It is of paramount importance to elucidate oxygen targets to guide future research. In the present study, with a big database, we aimed to evaluate the association of the proportion of time within arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) with hospital mortality in an ICU population with mechanical ventilation (MV). This study used data stored in the eICU (eicu-crd.mit. edu) database [5]. Adult patients admitted to ICU for the first time with MV during the first 24 h were included. The main exposure was SpO2, which was generally interfaced from bedside vital sign monitors as the 5-min median value. Thirteen categories of SpO2 were generated, which were ≤ 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and 100%. The proportion of time spent (PTS) in different SpO2 categories for each patient was defined as the percentage of the summarized time in each different SpO2 category divided by total time. Thus, during the first 24 h, patients had SpO2 values that fell in the 13 categories and for each patient PTS in each of the predefined categories ranged from 0 to 100%. PTS was examined as both a continuous and categorical variable. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression models including PTS within each of these SpO2 categories along with the confounders were used to analyze the association of PTS-SpO2 with mortality outcome. A total of 25,669 patients from 186 hospitals were included (Table 1), including 21,326 (83%) survivors and 4343 (17%) non-survivors. The median fraction of inspired oxygen was 45% (IQR, 43~60%) and the median duration of MV was 3 days (IQR, 2~5 days). After adjusted for confounders, PTS-SpO2 of ≤ 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, and 100% were associated with a higher odds ratio for hospital mortality; PTSSpO2 of 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, and 99% were associated with a lower odds ratio; and PTS-SpO2 of 94% was not associated with hospital mortality (Fig. 1a). Based on the results, SpO2 was divided into three categories (≤ 94%, 95–99%, and 100%). PTS-SpO2 within categories of ≤ 94% (p < 0.001) and 100% (p < 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality, whereas an inverse trend was observed between PTS-SpO2 of 95–99% (p < 0.001) and hospital mortality (Fig. 1b). The result of the present study was partially consistent with the British Thoracic Society guideline, which recommended the target of SpO2 94–98% [6]. In addition, the result could partly account for the discrepancy of the

Time spent in oxygen saturation 95–99% is associated with reduced mortality in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation