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Background  Excessive respiratory muscle effort during mechanical ventilation may cause patient self-inflicted lung injury and load-induced diaphragm myotrauma, but there are no non-invasive methods to reliably detect elevated transpulmonary driving pressure and elevated respiratory muscle effort during assisted ventilation. We hypothesized that the swing in airway pressure generated by respiratory muscle effort under assisted ventilation when the airway is briefly occluded (Δ P  occ ) could be used as a highly feasible non-invasive technique to screen for these conditions.    Methods  Respiratory muscle pressure ( P  mus ), dynamic transpulmonary driving pressure (Δ P  L,dyn , the difference between peak and end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure), and Δ P  occ  were measured daily in mechanically ventilated patients in two ICUs in Toronto, Canada. A conversion factor to predict Δ P  L,dyn  and  P  mus  from Δ P  occ  was derived and validated using cross-validation. External validity was assessed in an independent cohort (Nanjing, China).    Results  Fifty-two daily recordings were collected in 16 patients. In this sample,  P  mus  and Δ P  L  were frequently excessively high:  P  mus  exceeded 10 cm H 2 O on 84% of study days and Δ P  L,dyn  exceeded 15 cm H 2 O on 53% of study days. Δ P  occ  measurements accurately detected  P  mus  > 10 cm H 2 O (AUROC 0.92, 95% CI 0.83–0.97) and Δ P  L,dyn  > 15 cm H 2 O (AUROC 0.93, 95% CI 0.86–0.99). In the external validation cohort ( n  = 12), estimating  P  mus  and Δ P  L,dyn  from Δ P  occ  measurements detected excessively high  P  mus  and Δ P  L,dyn  with similar accuracy (AUROC ≥ 0.94).    Conclusions  Measuring Δ P  occ  enables accurate non-invasive detection of elevated respiratory muscle pressure and transpulmonary driving pressure. Excessive respiratory effort and transpulmonary driving pressure may be frequent in spontaneously breathing ventilated patients.

A novel non-invasive method to detect excessively high respiratory effort and dynamic transpulmonary driving pressure during mechanical ventilation